Figure 4

MIA combined with PIVE impaired social approach and decreased social cohesion. (A) Zebrafish were tested for sociability and social cohesion at 7, 14, and 21 dpf, and 1 and 2 mpf after MIA + PIVE. (B) Video tracking of movements of MIA + PIVE larvae at 7, 14, and 21 dpf, showing the social interaction with the social cue. (C) Sociability of MIA + PIVE larvae at 7, 14, and 21 dpf. MIA + PIVE did not further impair the sociability at 7, 14, and 21 dpf. (Da) Video tracking of movements of MIA + PIVE fish at 1 and 2 mpf, showing the social interaction with the social cue. (Db) Sociability of MIA + PIVE fish at 1 and 2 mpf. Although the sociability in the MIA + PIVE group decreased at 1 mpf, but not statistically significant. (Ea,Fa) MIA + PIVE induced an increased social cohesion at 7 and14 dpf (Z = 4.73, 4.32, and 3.16, p < 0.01, 0.01 and 0.05, respectively, for 7, 14, and 21 dpf vs. MIA-50 μg/g; Z = 2.55 and 5.55, p < 0.05 and 0.01, respectively, for 7 and 14 dpf vs. PIVE-100 μM), and a decreased social cohesion at 1 and 2 mpf (Z = 4.61, p < 0.01 for 1 mpf vs. MIA-50 μg/g; Z = 5.40 and 6.89, p all <0.01 for 1 and 2 mpf vs. PIVE-100 μM). (Eb,Fb) Tracking of individual fish in a group of four fish show impaired social cohesion in MIA + PIVE fish. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. ^*p < 0.05, ^**p < 0.001; ^@p < 0.05， ^@@p < 0.001 compared with the MIA-50 μg/g group of the same age. ^&p < 0.05, ^&&p < 0.001 compared with the PIVE-100 μM group of the same age. Detail about the n and descriptive data for each group and statistical analysis results could be found in Additional file 11: File S4.