Figure 4

Emodin inhibits angiogenesis and distant metastasis in an immunocompetent allograft model. (A) Experimental scheme of 4T1-luciferase cells implanted orthotopically into the 4^th mammary fat pad of female BALB/c mice and treated intraperitoneally with DMSO or emodin every other day until sacrifice (n=4). (B) Tumor growth curve for control and emodin-treated mice. (C) Tumor mass at sacrifice. (D) Bioluminescence in major organs indicating the presence of tumors from metastases from the primary tumor and percent incidence in each organ. (E) Overall survival rate of mice in different treatment groups (n=8). (F-J) Immunostaining of cells and quantification in control and emodin-treated mice for SerRS (F); VEGFA (G); CD31 (H); CC3 (I); and, Ki67 (J). n=4; data are means ± SD., * p<0.05, ** p<0.01, *** p<0.001; by one-way ANOVA for B and C; by Log-rank test for E; by Student's t-test for F-J. Scale bar, 100 µm.