FIGURE 8

Activation of canonical Wnt or TGF-β/BMP signaling pathways suppresses invasiveness of human melanoma cells (A) Phalloidin staining in SK-MEL-28 melanoma cell line treated with BIO or ISL reveals changes in actin stress fiber formation. (B) qPCR on SKMEL-28 cells treated with BIO or ISL showing expression of EMT marker genes N-cadherin, Snail, Slug, and Zeb1. GAPDH was used as the housekeeping control gene. Error bars represent ±standard error of the mean (SEM, n = 3). Statistical significance was evaluated using an unpaired t-test. **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 and ns, nonsignificant. (C) Western blot of SKMEL-28 cells treated with BIO or ISL for the mesenchymal marker vimentin. Red arrow indicates cleaved vimentin. (D) Scratch-wound assay in SKMEL-28 cells treated with BIO or ISL. (E) Wound closure is the percentage of the remaining area not covered by the cells 16 h after the scratch. Error bars represent ±standard error of the mean (SEM, n = 3). Statistical significance was evaluated using an unpaired t-test. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 and ns, non-significant. DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide; ISL, isoliquiritigenin; EMT, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition.