Figure 5

Machine learning reveals anomalies in Raman spectroscopy maps between 0-biopsy and FSGS recurrence. Raman spectra of glomeruli from the 0-biopsy and two glomeruli from the biopsy with FSGS recurrence were visualized, whereby the intensity and color range cover the degree of the anomaly. Areas of focal glomerular lesions as well as parietal epithelial cells in the Bowman capsule are highlighted as an anomaly in the FSGS samples. (a) Visualization of the occurring anomaly using the entire spectrum. (b–d) Consideration of only parts of the spectrogram that have been baseline corrected individually. Especially in the range of 775–1160 cm⁻¹ (b) there were significant differences in FSGS glomeruli comparison to spectra from glomeruli of the 0-biopsy in focal areas as well in parietal cell region of the bowman capsule. Likewise, a similar effect was observed for the wavelength range 1138–1500 cm⁻¹ (c) and 1500–1800 cm⁻¹ (d). (a′–d′) Raman spectra for the anomalies with confidence > 80% in FSGS recurrence of the parietal cell region (red line) and the glomerular region (spotted red line) compared to 0-biopsy (blue line) for the entire spectrum (a′) and divided in wavelength range of 775–1160 cm⁻¹ (b′) 1138–1523 cm⁻¹ (c′) as well as 1500–1800 cm⁻¹ (d′).