Fig. 2

Metformin ameliorates dorsal axis curvature and cloaca malformation in pkd2 morphants. Zebrafish embryos were treated with metformin (10 mM) in supplemented E3 media. (A–C) Representative images showing the common body axis of a control embryo, the severe dorsal curvature of a pkd2 morphant, and the mild dorsal curvature of a metformin-treated pkd2 morphant. Scale bar, 200 µm. (D–F) Representative images showing the cloaca of a control embryo, the cloaca malformation of a pkd2 morphant, and the normal cloaca of a metformin-treated pkd2 morphant. Scale bar, 50 µm. (G) Comparative frequencies of the dorsal curvature phenotype in each group (n = 182, 116, and 96 per group). Data represent four independent experiments. ***P < 0.001 compared with pkd2 morphants. (H) Comparative frequencies of the aberrant cloaca phenotype in each group (n = 76, 70, and 72 per group). Data represent three independent experiments. **P < 0.01 compared with pkd2 morphants.