FIGURE 4

FIGURE 4

The acute injury model induces pro-inflammatory cytokine gene expressions that switch to anti-inflammatory cytokine expressions, whereas chronic injury shows the simultaneous expression of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory gene expressions. Quantitative real-time PCR was used to determine the fold-change of mRNA expressions of mpeg1 and p2ry12(A–D); il-1β, tnfα, and tnfβ(B–E); il-10, tgf-β1, ccr2, and arg1(C,F) in NMDA-damaged retinas (A–C) and gosh mutant retinas (D–F) at 3 wpf. There is significant upregulation of mpeg1 and p2ry12 in acute and chronic injured eyes (A). The time course of NMDA-damaged retinas depicts an early il-1β peak, followed by stimulation of tnfα and tnfβ gene expressions, which then decreases within 1 week (B). Anti-inflammatory cytokine gene expressions are induced from 24 hpi, and levels are back to control at 1 week, except for tgf-β1 that always remains at basal levels (C). gosh mutants display a small, but significant upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokine gene expressions, whereas anti-inflammatory cytokines are upregulated (D–F). Graphs represent the mean value of two to three independent experiments ± SEM. For NMDA experiments, a One-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s multiple comparisons test was employed, for gosh mutants, an unpaired Student’s t-test was applied. Statistical significance between bars is indicated *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.