CTCF is required to sustain the regulatory landscapes and expression patterns of the hoxd genes.a Top, UMI-4C assays in WT and ctcf−/− embryos at 48 hpf using the hoxd4a and hoxd13a gene promoters as viewpoints. Black lines and gray shadows represent the average normalized UMI counts and their standard deviation, respectively. Domainograms below UMI counts represent contact frequency between pairs of genomic regions. Bottom, tracks with CTCF ChIP-seq, ATAC-seq and RNA-seq at 48 hpf in WT and ctcf−/− embryos, as well as increased and decreased ATAC-seq peaks in ctcf−/− embryos. Upregulated and downregulated genes are shown in blue and red, respectively. b Whole-mount in situ hybridizations of the hoxd4a and hoxd13a genes in WT and ctcf−/− embryos at 48 hpf. Left, lateral view; right, dorsal view. Anterior is to the left and scale bars represent 500 µm.
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