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Fig. 1

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ZDB-FIG-180529-43

Publication

Bertuzzi et al., 2018 - Spinal cholinergic interneurons differentially control motoneuron excitability and alter the locomotor network operational range

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Fig. 1

Organization of spinal cholinergic system. (A) Distribution of cholinergic terminals within the adult zebrafish spinal cord. (B) Single optical sections show the cholinergic synapses onto different types of motoneurons (MNs). (C) Cholinergic (ACh) input is different between motoneuron (MN) classes, (n_slow = 10, n_interm = 27, n_fast = 30 neurons; n = 5 zebrafish). Quantification of inputs on each MN obtained from a single focal plane images. (D) Whole mount spinal cord immunohistochemistry reveals that a fraction of ChAT⁺ neurons are not backfilled motoneurons. Arrows indicate ChAT⁺MN⁻ neurons (Cholinergic interneurons). (E) Quantification of the adult zebrafish cholinergic neurons, per spinal cord hemisegment, that are motoneurons or interneurons (n = 7 zebrafish). (F) Cholinergic interneurons (ChAT^INs) have smaller soma sizes compared to motoneurons (ChAT^MNs). (G) Representative example of the distribution pattern of cholinergic interneurons (ChAT^INs) and motoneurons (ChAT^MNs) in the adult zebrafish spinal cord. (H) Injection of a retrograde dextran tracer in spinal segment 18 reveals the descending interneurons located in spinal cord segment 15. Few descending neurons that are cholinergic (ChAT⁺) were found in the spinal hemisegment of adult zebrafish. Arrow indicates cholinergic descending interneuron. (I) Injection of dextran retrograde tracer in spinal segment 12 reveals the ascending interneurons in spinal cord segment 15. Arrows indicate a small number of retrograde traced neurons that are cholinergic interneurons. (J) Analysis of the number of the cholinergic interneurons that possess a descending (2.28 ± 0.28 neurons/hemisegment, n = 7 zebrafish) or an ascending (4 ± 0.3 neurons/hemisegment, n = 7 zebrafish) axon. (K) The descending and ascending cholinergic interneurons have non-overlapping soma sizes (t = 13.4, p < 0.0001, n = 37 neurons), suggesting that different populations of cholinergic interneurons are ascending or descending in adult zebrafish spinal cord. (L) Percentage of the descending and ascending cholinergic interneurons per hemisegment of spinal cord. CC, central canal; D, dorsal; L, lateral; MA, Mauthner axon; P, posterior; V, ventral. Data are presented as mean ± SD; ***p < 0.001; ****p < 0.0001; n.s., non-significant.

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