Fig. S3

Zic2a knockdown with non-overlapping zic2a morpholinos causes craniofacial defects. (A–C) Zic2a morphants display variable neurulation defects, from wild-type (82/160, 5 exp.; shown in B) to closed or twisted midbrain ventricles (77/160, 5 exp.; shown in C). (D,G) Control morphants have mostly wild-type pharyngeal and neurocranial cartilages (242/275, 5 exp.), but a small proportion develops with mildly shortened cartilages. (E,F) Zic2a morphants display a range of craniofacial defects, including shortened pharyngeal cartilages (27/145, 5 exp.; shown in E) and hypoplastic pharyngeal cartilages with an incorrectly angled hyoid arch (48/145, 5 exp.; shown in F). (H,I) Neurocranial cartilage defects include mildly shortened and abnormally proximal trabeculae (shown in I) and correlate with the presence of pharyngeal cartilage defects. (J,K) Penetrance of neural tube defects at 24 hpf (J) and cartilage defects at 5 dpf (K) following injection of control or zic2a translation-blocking morpholino. A–C are dorsal views, anterior to the left. D–F are dissected pharyngeal cartilages, ventral views, anterior to the left. G–I are dissected neurocranial cartilages, dorsal views, anterior to the left. Abbreviations: cb—ceratobranchials, ep—ethmoid plate, h—hyoid arch, m—mandibular arch, t—trabecular cartilages.