Comparative Hi-C analysis between human neural retina and RPE/choroid. a Generation of tissue-specific 3D contact matrices using in situ Hi-C on adult human donor neural retina and RPE/choroid samples (n = 4) and strategy for comparative 3D genome analysis. b Results of CHESS comparative analysis between the neural retina and RPE/choroid Hi-C contact matrices (z-ssim similarity scores obtained for chromosome 1 using 1-Mb window sizes, z-ssim <  − 1.2, signal/noise (SN) > 2). c Enrichment of retina-enriched genes from the EyeGEx database and RetNet IRD genes compared to Ensembl genes within CHESS differential regions (Fisher’s exact test, p = 0.000273 and p = 0.000658 respectively). d Clustered heatmap of genes within CHESS differential windows using GTEx tissue expression data. e Overlap between genes at (differential) Hi-C loop anchors identified in neural retina and RPE/choroid and EyeGEx retina-enriched genes and RetNet IRD genes. f Enrichment of RetNet IRD genes, retina-specific IRD genes, RPE/choroid-specific IRD genes, and retina-enriched genes from the EyeGEx database compared to Ensembl genes at Hi-C loops in neural retina (Fisher’s exact test, p = 4.312e − 13, p = 4.875e − 12, p = 0.2024 and p = 0.0001 respectively), differential Hi-C loops in the neural retina (Fisher’s exact test, p = 1.149e − 05, p = 1.254e − 06, p = 0.7515 and p = 3.826e − 13 respectively) and Hi-C loops in RPE/choroid (Fisher’s exact test, p = 0.4705, p = 0.2559, p = 0.0991 and p = 0.8237 respectively). g Single-cell RNA expression within adult human retina of clusters of genes identified at differential loops in neural retina and RPE/choroid. The figure in panel a was partly created using BioRender

Differential promoter looping between human neural retina and RPE/choroid. a Proportion of differential promoter-associated loops (at 5-kb resolution) in human neural retina (red) and RPE/choroid (blue) according to FitHiChIP (FDR < 0.05). b Aggregate peak analysis centered at HiChIP loops specific of neural retina, RPE/choroid, and stable loops. c Enrichment of RetNet IRD genes, retina-specific RetNet genes, RPE/choroid-specific RetNet genes, and retina-enriched genes from the EyeGEx database within genes specifically contacted in the neural retina (right; Fisher’s exact test, p = 7.713e − 06, p = 2.042e − 07, p = 0.8979, and p = 4.382e − 10, respectively) and RPE/choroid (left; Fisher’s exact test, p = 0.4856, p = 0.1584, p = 0.3647, and p = 0.0046, respectively). d Top-10 enriched GO Biological Process terms associated with differentially HiChIP-contacted promoters in neural retina and RPE/choroid. e Genomic tracks showing the 3D chromatin configuration of the RHO gene locus. For both tissues, HiChIP contact matrices, differential loops, and HiChIP-derived H3K4me3 ChIP-seq signals are represented from top to bottom. f Virtual 4C contact frequencies (viewpoints indicated by a green line) for all genes within the RHO locus derived from the neural retina and RPE/choroid binned HiChIP counts

The impact of differential 3D genomic interactions at retinal disease loci. a Number of inherited retinal disease (IRD) genes associated with differential interactions in neural retina vs. RPE/choroid through Hi-C differential regions (CHESS) or loops and HiChIP differential loops. b Single-cell RNA expression per cell type within the adult human retina of two clusters of IRD genes associated with differential interactions. Cell types: rod, L/M cone, S cone, retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), pericyte (PER), fibroblast (FB), endothelial (END), melanocyte (CM), T-cell, microglia (uG), monocyte (MO), mast cell (MAST), ON bipolar (DBC), rod bipolar (RBC), OFF bipolar (HBC), Müller cell (MC), GABA amacrine (ACB), horizontal cell (HC), GLY amacrine (ACY), astrocyte (AST), ganglion cell (GC). c Differential 3D interactions at the CFH and CRB1 locus. d Differential 3D interactions at the MAK locus. e Single-cell RNA expression of genes within highlighted loci in adult human retina (periphery) averaged per cell type group

Characterization of the ABCA4cis-regulatory landscape in human retina. aABCA4 promoter interaction frequencies using UMI-4C in human neural retina and RPE/choroid from retinal donors (n = 3, interacting regions (IRs) indicated 1–12). Candidate cis-regulatory elements (cCREs) within IRs were identified using publicly available epigenomic data from human retina: ATAC-seq from bulk retina and scATAC-seq from photoreceptor cells; ChIP-seq for histone marks H3K27ac and H3K4me2, retinal transcription factors (TFs) (CRX, OTX2, and NRL) and the architectural protein CTCF. Epigenomic data for RPE/choroid included bulk ATAC-seq and ChIP-seq targeting H3K27ac and CTCF. All these data were integrated to finely map cCREs. b Close-up of the cCREs including the above-described datasets; retinal TF binding (CRX, OTX2, NRL, RORB, and MEF2D); and sequence motifs (Jaspar Core Pred. TFBS 2022) for TFs expressed in photoreceptors (i.e., MEIS1, NRL, NR2E3, OTX2, CRX, MEIS2, MEF2D, RORB, RXRG, SMAD2 and NEUROD1); and the TFs expressed in RPE (CRX, KLF4, KLF9, LHX2, MEIS1, MEIS2, OTX2, RORB, SMAD2, STAT5B, TEAD1, and TEAD3). c Overview of in vivo enhancer assays using zebrafish stable transgenic lines; dot plot (left) indicating in which tissues GFP + reporter expression was observed (retina, RPE, and lens, white arrows). d Overview of in vivo enhancer assays for the cCRE1–5 synthetic construct through transient transgenesis in zebrafish; bar plots (top) indicating the frequency of GFP + tissues (retina, pineal gland, lens, forebrain, heart, and nosepit) among total GFP + embryos at 1, 2, 3, and 4 days post-fertilization (dpf); example of reporter expression in retina and pineal gland at 3 and 4 dpf