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Fig. 4 Repeated treatment with PALM on the seizure severity (A) and loss of PV-IR neurons (B-E) in the hippocampal fields and DG of PTZ kindled mice (B-CA1; C-CA2; D-CA3 and E-DG). PTZ was given ip at a dose of 35 mg/kg, three times a week (at least 48 h break between treatment). Total number of PTZ injections was 19. PALM (20 and 40 mg/kg) was given ip 30 min prior to PTZ treatment. Control group received 5% Tween + PTZ. Data are shown as means ± SEM, n = 14–15 mice/group. Seizure severity in the respective experimental groups was analysed using two-way ANOVA with repeated measures followed by Dunnett’s multiple comparison test. Immunohistochemical analyses were compared via one-way ANOVA and Dunnett’s post hoc test. * ** p < 0.001 vs. 5% Tween + PTZ-treated group.