FIGURE 5

FIGURE 5

Comparison of community structure among the fecal microbiota of the C, M, M + M, and M + I groups. (A) Venn diagram illustrating the overlap of the operational taxonomic units (OTUs) identified in the fecal microbiota of the four groups. (B) Shannon curves among the four groups. (C) Alpha diversity of the fecal microbiome among the four groups according to Sobs, Chao, ACE, and Shannon indices. (D) Beta diversity of the fecal microbiome among the four groups based on principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) and nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMDS). *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 vs the C group; ^#p < 0.05, ^##p < 0.01 vs the M group. C: control group; M: morphine group; M + M: morphine + methadone group; M + I: morphine + isorhynchophylline group.